The main objective of this paper is to develop a readi- ness index model that can serve as an analytical tool for exploring the achievements of electrification of transportation systems. We have applied this readi- ness index model to evaluate the readiness position- ing of China, Norway, and Sweden towards transport electrification. We have chosen these three countries as they represent diversity among countries that are in the process of adopting electrified transport sys- tem solutions. Our developed readiness index model has four key dimensions, technological readiness, political readiness, societal readiness, and economic readiness. The embeddedness of all four dimen- sions in one model provides a multi-perspective way of analyzing and evaluating the readiness levels of countries moving towards transforming the trans- portation system. Therefore, we named the model a “multidimensional readiness index.” Our main conclusions are that the political process- es and political decisiveness involved are the most important factors followed by the societal needs and economic ability, with the current technology available as the fourth. Without the participation of dedicated and determined political decision-makers being involved, the other three factors are challenging to obtain. Political decision-makers need to facilitate the use of economic means to support the transforma- tion in the society and affected industries to balance the initial economic disadvantages of the electrically powered systems until they pass the cost disadvan- tage turning point. The development of the relevant technology is no longer a great barrier as it was in the beginning of this transformation, about 20 years ago. The technology for electrically powered trans- portation systems and devices is widely available now, although it is continuously evolving and being improved. Associated industries cannot be expected to initiate, finance, take the risk, and take the lead in this global societal transformation without clear and strong political support. Based on our multidimensional readiness index anal- ysis, China is being positioned as the leading country in the world in the electrification of its transportation systems. This is mainly so because of the strong technology advancements, control of the entire value chain of research, development (R&D) and manu- facturing of EVs, strong government decisiveness and execution power in developing and implement- ing favourable electric vehicle (EV) policies. The willingness of China’s public sector to take the lead and their citizen’s support to adopt clean technology are additional factors facilitating this advancement. Norway has rapidly become one of the newcomers in electrification with large numbers of registered elec- tric vehicles, despite lacking manufacturing industries of electric vehicles. Sweden is a rapidly developing country in the electrification of transport, with three vehicle manufacturers introducing EVs in 2021. The government has been committed to building demon- stration sites for electric roads systems for more than ten years. Sweden is also working on establishing battery manufacturing facilities dedicated to the needs of electrified transportation equipment and systems. Keywords: Electric transport, technology readiness, political readiness, societal readiness, economic readiness.

The main objective of this paper is to develop a readi- ness index model that can serve as an analytical tool for exploring the achievements of electrification of transportation systems. We have applied this readi- ness index model to evaluate the readiness position- ing of China, Norway, and Sweden towards transport electrification. We have chosen these three countries as they represent diversity among countries that are in the process of adopting electrified transport sys- tem solutions. Our developed readiness index model has four key dimensions, technological readiness, political readiness, societal readiness, and economic readiness. The embeddedness of all four dimen- sions in one model provides a multi-perspective way of analyzing and evaluating the readiness levels of countries moving towards transforming the trans- portation system. Therefore, we named the model a “multidimensional readiness index.” Our main conclusions are that the political process- es and political decisiveness involved are the most important factors followed by the societal needs and economic ability, with the current technology available as the fourth. Without the participation of dedicated and determined political decision-makers being involved, the other three factors are challenging to obtain. Political decision-makers need to facilitate the use of economic means to support the transforma- tion in the society and affected industries to balance the initial economic disadvantages of the electrically powered systems until they pass the cost disadvan- tage turning point. The development of the relevant technology is no longer a great barrier as it was in the beginning of this transformation, about 20 years ago. The technology for electrically powered trans- portation systems and devices is widely available now, although it is continuously evolving and being improved. Associated industries cannot be expected to initiate, finance, take the risk, and take the lead in this global societal transformation without clear and strong political support. Based on our multidimensional readiness index anal- ysis, China is being positioned as the leading country in the world in the electrification of its transportation systems. This is mainly so because of the strong technology advancements, control of the entire value chain of research, development (R&D) and manu- facturing of EVs, strong government decisiveness and execution power in developing and implement- ing favourable electric vehicle (EV) policies. The willingness of China’s public sector to take the lead and their citizen’s support to adopt clean technology are additional factors facilitating this advancement. Norway has rapidly become one of the newcomers in electrification with large numbers of registered elec- tric vehicles, despite lacking manufacturing industries of electric vehicles. Sweden is a rapidly developing country in the electrification of transport, with three vehicle manufacturers introducing EVs in 2021. The government has been committed to building demon- stration sites for electric roads systems for more than ten years. Sweden is also working on establishing battery manufacturing facilities dedicated to the needs of electrified transportation equipment and systems. Keywords: Electric transport, technology readiness, political readiness, societal readiness, economic readiness.