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Field measurement-based characterization of aerodynamic excitation and dynamic response of railway noise barriers
Luleå tekniska universitet.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2668-1329
Luleå tekniska universitet.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0089-8140
Luleå tekniska universitet.
KTH - Kungliga Tekniska högskolan.
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2026 (English)In: Measurement, ISSN 0263-2241, E-ISSN 1873-412X, Vol. 277Article in journal (Other academic) Published
Abstract [sv]

Tågpassager genererar aerodynamiska laster som inducerar dynamiska svar i järnvägsbullerskärmar och kan äventyra den strukturella integriteten. Fältmätningar som samtidigt registrerar både aerodynamiskt tryck och strukturellt svar, särskilt för bullerskärmar av trä, är dock fortfarande begränsade. Denna studie presenterar en fältundersökning av tåginducerad aerodynamisk excitation och respons i en bullerskärm. En mätkampanj genomfördes där tryck- och responsignaler samlades in från fyra olika tågtyper som körde i hastigheter mellan 150 och 200 km/h. Trycksignalerna uppvisade karakteristiska positiva och negativa övergångar vid tågets nos och akter, där amplituden för aktervågen motsvarade cirka 35–55 % av nosvågen. Tåg med brantare noser genererade högre tryckamplituder och kortare tidsintervall mellan topparna i nosvågen, medan tåglängden hade begränsad inverkan på nosvågens tryck. Identifierade formkoefficienter för svenska tåg varierade mellan 0,87 och 1,28, vilket indikerar att Eurokodens modeller underskattar trycket med 2,75–25,44 %, även om den vertikala fördelningsmodellen överensstämde väl med mätningarna. Spektralanalys visade att energin i nosvågen huvudsakligen är koncentrerad till frekvensområdet 2–4 Hz, med ytterligare bidrag i intervallet 4–6 Hz. Medan trycksignalerna uppvisade mellanliggande toppar relaterade till mellanrummen mellan vagnarna, visade responsignalerna mer komplexa variationer mellan nos- och aktervåg. Spänningsintervall och förskjutning visade högre känslighet för tåghastighet än tryck, med en ökning som ungefär följer hastighetens kub. En ökning av hastigheten från 155 till 200 km/h ökade lastfrekvensen med cirka 24 %, vilket försköt energin mot högre frekvenser och förstärkte den dynamiska förstärkningen. Brantare noser gav upphov till större strukturella responser på grund av högre frekvensinnehåll i lasten, medan tåglängden hade försumbar påverkan på det dynamiska svaret.

Abstract [en]

Train passages generate aerodynamic loads that induces dynamic responses in railway noise barriers and may compromise structural integrity. However, field measurements capturing both aerodynamic pressure and structural response, especially for wooden barriers, remain scarce. This study presents a field investigation of train-induced aerodynamic excitation and response in a noise barrier. A monitoring campaign collected pressure and response signals from four train types operating at speeds of 150–200 km/h. The pressure signals exhibited characteristic positive and negative transitions at the train nose and tail, with tail-wave amplitudes approximately 35%–55% of the nose-wave. Steeper noses produced higher pressure amplitudes and shorter nose-wave peak intervals, while train length showed limited influence on nose-wave pressure. Shape coefficients identified for Swedish trains ranged from 0.87 to 1.28, indicating that Eurocode models underestimate pressure by 2.75%–25.44%, however, its vertical distribution model agreed well with measurements. Spectral analysis revealed that nose-wave energy is concentrated in the 2–4 Hz range, with additional contributions in the 4–6 Hz. While pressure signals showed intermediate peaks associated with inter-car gaps, the response signals exhibited more complex fluctuations between nose and tail waves. Stress range and displacement exhibited higher sensitivity to train speed than pressure, increasing approximately with the cube of speed. Increasing speed from 155 to 200 km/h raised the load frequency by about 24%, shifting load energy to higher frequencies and enhancing dynamic amplification. Steeper noses induced larger responses due to higher load frequency contents, whereas train length had a negligible effect on dynamic response.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier , 2026. Vol. 277
Keywords [sv]
Järnväg, tågpassager, aerodynamik, buller
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
FOI-portföljer; FOI-portföljer, Bygga
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:trafikverket:diva-22143Archive number: TRV 2024/132497OAI: oai:DiVA.org:trafikverket-22143DiVA, id: diva2:2056119
Projects
Karakterisering av tåginducerade aerodynamiska laster på bullerskydd längs järnväg – Del 2: Långsiktigt dynamiskt beteende hos bullerskydd längs järnväg
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2024/132497Available from: 2026-04-28 Created: 2026-04-28 Last updated: 2026-04-28
In thesis
1. Improved characterization of aerodynamic loads and dynamic behavior of railway noise barriers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improved characterization of aerodynamic loads and dynamic behavior of railway noise barriers
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis aims to improve the characterization of train-induced aerodynamic loads acting on railway vertical noise barriers and to advance the understanding of their dynamic behavior under realistic service conditions through an integrated approach combining numerical simulations, field measurements, and data-driven modelling. This will enhance the reliability of structural response prediction and support the long-term safety and sustainable design of these structures.

Railway noise barriers are important trackside structures designed to mitigate noise from passing trains to surrounding communities. However, train-induced aerodynamic effects generate significant fluctuating pressures on barrier surfaces, which can excite structural vibrations and accumulate fatigue damage over time, thereby threatening structural safety and serviceability. A comprehensive review of existing aerodynamic load models, together with comparative analyses against available field measurement data, indicates that current models are primarily formulated based on simplified relationships and exhibit limited applicability across different train types and barrier configurations. Moreover, systematic long-term field monitoring data reflecting the structural behavior under realistic service conditions remain scarce. Therefore, the aerodynamic load models and structural dynamic analysis methods currently used in design cannot adequately represent complex service conditions, particularly the combined effects of operating parameters and environmental variations. This limits the ability to accurately assess and predict the key responses and service performance of railway noise barriers.

To address these challenges, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, validated against field test data, were conducted to systematically quantify the effects of train nose geometry, barrier height, and the layout of vertical noise barriers on train-induced aerodynamic pressure. An enhanced aerodynamic pressure model incorporating both train and barrier parameters was thereby developed. Dynamic finite element analyses (FEA) under idealized boundary conditions were further performed to evaluate the influence of aerodynamic pressure pulse shapes on the dynamic response of vertical railway noise barriers. A simplified load input method suitable for numerical analysis was developed, enabling parametric investigation of the effects of key structural parameters on dynamic response and amplification.

Using the noise barrier along the Arlanda railway line in Stockholm, Sweden as a case study, full-scale field measurements were employed to analyze the actual structural responses under different train speeds and train types. Furthermore, long-term field monitoring data were combined with interpretable machine learning (ML) techniques to establish a data-driven framework for analyzing the influence of environmental variations on aerodynamic pressure and structural dynamic response. Based on an Explainable Boosting Machine (EBM), the contributions of individual influencing factors to pressure and structural response were quantitatively identified, and simplified analytical models for predicting load and stress responses suitable for engineering design were developed. Finally, the integration of long-term field measurements, data-driven analytical models, and stress transfer relationships obtained from FEA also enabled a fatigue assessment procedure for evaluating the long-term performance of the steel posts supporting the noise barrier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Luleå: Luleå University of Technology, 2026. p. 86
Series
Trafikverkets publikationerTrafikverkets forskningsportföljer
Keywords
Railway noise barriers, Train-induced aerodynamic loads, Dynamic behaviour, Numerical modelling, Field measurements, Data-driven modelling
National Category
Structural Engineering Infrastructure Engineering
Research subject
Structural Engineering; FOI-portföljer, Bygga
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:trafikverket:diva-22141 (URN)978-91-8142-003-6 (ISBN)978-91-8142-004-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-05-12, A117, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2024/132497
Note

Dessa arbeten ingår också i doktorsavhandlingen men finns ej länkade i DiVA:

Design-oriented aerodynamic load and stress calculation models for railway noise barriers using interpretable machine learning

Fatigue assessment of railway noise barriers based on field monitoring, ML-driven stress prediction and numerical modeling

Available from: 2026-04-27 Created: 2026-04-27 Last updated: 2026-04-28Bibliographically approved

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3536373839404138 of 49
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